約克(York)：英格蘭北部一自治市，位於烏斯河河畔、利茲東北偏東，起初為蓋爾人的居點，後為羅馬人、盎格魯人、丹麥人和諾曼人佔領，中世紀該城是繁榮的羊毛市場和教育中心，其大主教地位僅次於坎特伯雷大主教。人口為183,128(2003年)。

約克是位於英格蘭北部的一個城市, 建立於 歐斯河及佛斯河會流處. 1991年本市人口為123,126人. 地理座標為北緯53度57分,西經1度5分.

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York's turbulent history can be traced back nearly 2,000 years. It begins in earnest in AD71 when the Romans, at the height of their powers, conquered the Celtic tribes known as the Brigantes and founded Eboracum which, by the fourth century, was the capital of lower Britain.

In the seventh century, known as Eoferwic, it was the chief city of the Anglo-Saxon King Edwin of Northumbria and, two centuries later as Jorvik, it became an important trading centre for the Vikings.

The city was ravaged by William the Conqueror, but by the Middle Ages it had again become an important commercial centre.

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Tudor and Stuart kings were among its visitors, in Georgian times it was the social capital of the north, and in the 19th century, with the coming of the railway, its industrial future was assured.

Today, while trade and industry are still important, it is the preservation of its long and varied history which has brought it world fame. For here, visitors can not only hear about England's history, they can actually see it and walk in it.

York is truly ageless - a city for all time and all people.

對古羅馬而言, 約克("Eboracum")是一個主要的軍事基地;羅馬皇帝賽佛勒斯,和羅馬帝國君士坦丁一世的父親君士坦提阿斯分別於西元211年和306年駕崩於此。君士坦丁大帝在約克被軍隊擁立為皇帝(另一個會有皇帝被擁立的地方只有羅馬當地)。主要的羅馬遺跡被發現於約克大教堂底下，另一個被重建的羅馬石柱現矗立於Deangate。這裡還保留了一個羅馬浴室，後來又挖掘出一個神廟和歐斯河上羅馬古橋遺址。城牆外是牢固的羅馬公墓。大量羅馬發現品現在收藏在約克郡博物館。

7世紀初，Paulinus of York將基督教帶到這個地區，國王Edwin of Northumbria皈依，第一個大教堂據信建於627年，儘管早期大教堂的位置還在爭論。約克成為一個學習中心，最著名的學生是Alcuin.

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Roman York
In AD71, the Roman Governor of Britain, Quintus Petilius Cerealis, led his troops northwards from Lincoln to invade 'Brigantia'. Recognising a good military strongpoint, he based his camp at the juncture of two rivers, the Ouse and the Foss.

Having conquered the Brigantes, the Ninth Legion built a fortress on the site of their camp and called it Eboracum. On the departure of the Ninth Legion in AD120, the Sixth Legion took command of the fortress which eventually enclosed 50 acres and housed a garrison of several thousand soldiers.

New roads were constructed, a civilian town grew up outside the fortress walls and Eboracum became the capital of Lower Britain and a leading city of the Roman Empire.

Several Emperors visited Eboracum and Severus held his Imperial Court there until he died in AD211.

In AD306, Emperor Constantius Chlorus died in Eboracum and was succeeded by Constantine, his son. Constantine the Great as he became known was proclaimed Emperor and the proclamation is thought to have been held on the site of the present Minster. Constantine went on to found Constantinople and was the first Christian Emperor of Rome.

The Legions, who occupied Eboracum until around AD410, had their headquarters where the Minster stands today and, during restoration work, Roman remains were discovered beneath it. These included a 31 foot Roman pillar which was re-erected and can now be seen near the Minster's South Entrance.

Anglo-Saxon York
After the Romans withdrew from Britain in the fifthth century, the Anglo-Saxons began their invasion.

Eventually York would become Eoferwic and, under the rule of Edwin, King of Northumbria, it became an important religious centre. In fact, Edwin was instrumental in re-introducing Christianity to the city and was baptised at Eoferwic.

Edwin married the Christian Princess Ethelberga of Kent who came north with her Chaplain, Bishop Paulinus. He baptised Edwin and many of his subjects on April 12 627, at one of the city's wells where a little wooden church had been built for them to worship in. This was the first cathedral of St Peter in York, with Paulinus as its first Bishop in the present continuous line.

Christianity also brought learning to York. In the eighth century, the great scholar Alcuin was Master of the School of St Peter which received students from all over Europe. By the time he left Britain to become Master of Emperor Charlemagne's Palace School at Aachen, Eoferwic was the most important centre of learning in this part of Britain.

維京時期的約克
西元866年, 一支"強大的維京人軍隊"佔領了約克，876年之後, 維京人長期定居於約克郡部分鄉間. 維京人國王統治這個地區近一世紀, 在歷史學界以約維克的維京王國(The Viking Kingdom of Jorvik)著稱。直到西元954年, 最後一位維京國王, Eric Bloodaxe被驅逐，而他的王國則併入新興的盎格魯-撒克遜國. 在此一時代, 另一位知名的學者是約克大主教伍爾夫斯坦二世.

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Viking York
The Kingdom of Northumbria was in the midst of civil war when the Vikings raided and captured York in 866.

Ten years later the Danish King Halfdan shared out the lands of Northumbria from his capital, Jorvik, and the former warriors settled down to a peaceful existence.

Jorvik became a major river port, part of the extensive Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe. The last Danish ruler of Jorvik, Eric Bloodaxe, was driven from the town in the year 965 by King Eadred of Wessex who succeeded in uniting Northumbria with the southern kingdom. But for another hundred years, the north was largely ruled by earls of both Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian blood.

During 1065-66, following rebellion of the local earls, there came invasion by the Norwegians and the defeat of their army at Stamford Bridge. But a few weeks later, the victor, King Harold II of England was himself defeated and killed at the Battle of Hastings by the Normans when William the Conqueror invaded the country.

现代的約克
除了旅遊勝地，約克還是交通樞紐，教育和商業中心。它是一個主要的鐵路中轉站，是奔寧山脈和英國東海岸的交匯點。

約克也是賽馬的主要賽場。約克賽馬場位於內維斯邁爾地區。

約克擁有兩個生產巧克力的大型工場，羅斯瑞內爾斯特爾和泰瑞，雖然另一家主營煉糖業。約克是奇特凱特，斯瑪特裡和泰瑞橙味巧克力的故鄉，與之齊名的有約克棒。2004年4月，泰瑞宣佈它有意停止在約克的巧克力業務。

該市有英國的頂級大學之一(約克大學) — 2001年每日電訊報排名第2— 還有一所高等教育學院，約克聖約翰大學，和法學院的一個分校，約克的足球隊是英格蘭足球聯賽的成員，約克的英式橄欖球隊名曰約克游俠隊。在約克地區有地方性的報紙《約克晚報》。

約克還聚集著大量的酒吧。約克的酒吧之多據說一天去一家一年之內可以不重複，儘管有一點誇大。大概是因為詩歌許可證的緣故，在城牆上的任何一點你都能看到至少一所酒吧和一座教堂。

歐斯河的泛濫使得約克總是處在洪水的威脅之下，約克有著規模龐大，但不一定總有效果的防洪網路。包括沿著歐斯河修建的城牆，和橫跨福士河的河堤（參見福士河），城內預留了大片為了防備洪水泛濫的空地。也正是基於這個原因，這裡有別處所沒有的大片綠地。歐斯河沿岸有著洪水滋潤著的草地，而城市周邊的低窪地帶則環繞著沼澤。另一個類似的地方叫做流氓潭。夏天，當它們乾涸，這片地被辟為消遣的娛樂場，牛群也在上面吃草。